Identifying non-affective psychosis in first admission patients: MMPI-2, structured diagnostic interview, and consensus lifetime best estimate.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) as a potential means of improving on the SCID's diagnostic efficacy. METHODS: 76 first-admission patients were assigned DSM-IV consensus diagnoses by two experienced psychiatrists using all available information, then dichotomized into non-affective psychosis and other mental illness groups. The patients were also given the SCID and the MMPI-2. The diagnostic performance of the MMPI-2 was compared to that of the SCID to assess both diagnostic accuracy and incremental validity. RESULTS: MMPI-2 scales 8 (Schizophrenia) and BIZ (Bizarre Mentations) correctly identified 58% and 56% respectively of non-affective psychotic patients. The Goldberg Index had an overall correct classification rate of 70%, but only identified 49% of the psychosis group. The SCID had a correct classification rate of 66% but correctly identified only 25% of the non-affective psychosis patients. Three MMPI-2 scales combined with the SCID resulted in an overall correct classification rate of 73%, and identification of 66% of the non-affective psychosis patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the MMPI-2 may identify early psychosis at least as well as the SCID. Furthermore, using a combination of the MMPI-2 and the SCID shows incremental validity over using the SCID alone.

Effects of dynamic warm-up with and without a weighted vest on lower extremity power performance of high school male athletes.

This study examined lower extremity power performance, using the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test, after a dynamic warm-up with (resisted) and without (nonresisted) a weighted vest. Sixteen (n = 16) high school male football players, ages 14-18 years, participated in 2 randomly ordered testing sessions. One session involved performing the team's standard dynamic warm-up while wearing a vest weighted at 5% of the individual athlete's body weight before performing 3 trials of the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test. The second session involved performing the same dynamic warm-up without wearing a weighted vest before performing 3 trials of the Margaria-Kalamen Power Test. The warm-up performed by the athletes consisted of various lower extremity dynamic movements over a 5-minute period. No significant difference was found in power performance between the resisted and nonresisted dynamic warm-up protocols (p > 0.05). The use of a dynamic warm-up with a vest weighted at 5% of the athlete's body weight was not advantageous for increasing lower extremity power output in this study. The results of this study suggest that resisted dynamic warm-up protocols may not augment the production of power performance in high school football players.

A multivariate prediction model of schizophrenia.

Univariate prediction models of schizophrenia may be adequate for hypothesis testing but are narrowly focused and limited in predictive efficacy. Therefore, we used a multivariate design to maximize the prediction of schizophrenia from premorbid measures and to evaluate the relative importance of various predictors. Two hundred twelve Danish subjects with at least one parent diagnosed in the schizophrenia spectrum (high risk) and 99 matched subjects with no such parent (low risk) were assessed on 25 premorbid variables in seven domains (genetic risk, birth factors, autonomic responsiveness, cognitive functioning, rearing environment, personality, and school behavior) when the subjects averaged 15 years of age. Twenty-five years later, 33 subjects had received lifetime diagnoses of schizophrenia. Discriminant function analyses were used to discriminate schizophrenia outcomes from no mental illness and nonschizophrenia outcomes on the basis of premorbid measures. Regardless of the comparison group used, schizophrenia was predicted by the interaction of genetic risk with rearing environment, and disruptive school behavior. Within the high-risk group, two-thirds of schizophrenia outcomes were correctly predicted by these premorbid measures; three-quarters of those with no mental illness were also correctly predicted. Prediction was enhanced among those with two schizophrenia spectrum parents, lending support to a multiplicative gene x environment model. Implications for early identification/primary prevention efforts are discussed.